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Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County 



BY F. Z. BROWNE 



Reprinted from the Publications of the Mississippi 
Historical Society, Vol. XIII. 



o'^Br 



Reprinted from the Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, Vol. XIII, 1913 



RECONSTRUCTION IN OKTIBBEHA COUNTY. 
By F. Z. Browne.^ 

As the courthouse in Oktibbeha county was destroyed by fire with 
most of the public records in 1S75 the material for this paper has of 
necessity been wholly drawn from the testimony of participants and 
eye-witnesses. 

From the time of the surrender of the civil government of Mississippi 
on May 22 until June 13, 1865, when provisional Governor Sharkey, 
who had been appointed by the president in his official capacity as 
commander-in-chief of the army, took charge, the administration of 
civil affairs in Mississippi was entirely under the supervision of the 
military authorities. 

A large portion of the army of occupation still being in the State 
it was thought expedient by those in authority that companies of 
cavalry or infantry should be stationed at strategic points. In accord- 
ance with this policy a company of cavalry comxmanded by Captain 
Graves was quartered in 1865 in the main street of Starkville, the 
county seat of Oktibbeha county. Martial law was at once estab- 
lished, and Captain Graves' word was law. As a species of retributive 

' Fred ZoUicoffer Browne was bom at Kosciusko, Mississippi, December 27, 
1878. He is the eldest son of Dr. J. A. and Mary Elizabeth Browne. 

On his father's side he comes of the German Lutheran and Scotch-Irish Presby- 
terian stock of North and South Carolina. Hi? paternal grandfather, George Henry 
Browne, who was a graduate of Newberry College, South Carolina, came with his 
wife, Margaret McClintock, to Mississippi before the War of Secession, and was 
the first orgmizer of the Lutheran Church in the State. 

Through his mother, Elizabeth Jackson Browne, Mr. Browne is related to some 
of the best known families of Mississippi and Tennessee. Sam. A. Jackson of 
Kosciusko, Mississippi, widely and favorably known throughout the State, was his 
uncle. 

His maternal grandmother was Susan A. ZoUicoffer, a niece of General Felix 
Kirk ZoUicoffer of Tennessee. 

Mr. Browne is a graduate of the University of Mississippi and of Princeton 
Theological Seminary. He has also received the M.A. degree from Princeton 
University. November 29, 191 1, he married Miss Susie Walton McBee of Lexing- 
ton, Mississippi. He is now pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Starkville, 
Mississippi. — Editor. 

273 

By tr^nsf^r 
The White House 
-' "• ^r. 1913 



274 Mississippi Historical Society. 

justice for real or fancied wrongs committed upon the colored race, 
white men were arrested and fined upon the slightest pretexts. The 
only way of relief from the intolerable situation was found in the fact 
that with Graves and his soldiers the jingle of the guinea in the hand 
of the white man was found to be a most efficacious salve for the hurt 
that honor feels. Graves was so absolutely venal that like the Romans 
in the time of Jugurtha he would have sold himself if he could have 
found a purchaser. 

The first authenticated case of rape by a negro on a white woman 
in Oktibbeha county occurred while Graves held sway in Starkville. 
The negro was arrested and brought to town and released by Graves 
upon payment of $ioo in gold. Upon the payment of $ioo more by 
the grandfather of the outraged girl Graves permitted the released 
negro to be run to death by hounds. 

To the great relief of all, the Graves' regime was short. He was 
transferred elsewhere in 1865 and Captain Foster took his place. 
Captain Foster discharged well and faithfully the duties of his trying 
and difficult position. In the hour of their humiliation he showed a 
genuine respect and consideration for those who had shown themselves 
to be foemen worthy of his steel. He won the respect of all with whom 
he came in contact. 

With the occupation of the town by Federal troops a branch of the 
freedmen's bureau was established in Starkville. C. A. Sullivan, a 
native son of Oktibbeha county, called in derision a scalawag, was its 
first head. He was a lawyer of some ability, and had been a Confeder- 
ate soldier. Like all renegades, he was most zealous in showing his 
devotion to the cause of his erstwhile enemies. His influence on the 
negroes and on political conditions in general was very bad. Knowing 
that he was most cordially hated he went armed all the time.^ 

W. S. James, the sheriff of Oktibbeha county under the Confederate 
regime, having died about the time of the inauguration of martial 
law, Crockett Sullivan was appointed sheriff and tax collector. He 
was, if possible, a worse character than his brother. By him the plun- 
dering of the county under a form of law was begun. He collected 
taxes levied at exorbitant rates, never making any settlements, and 
finally decamped to Alabama. 

*These facts were obtained from conversations with Prof. Rhett Maxwell. 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 275 

In the fall of 1866, H. C. Powers, one of the most interesting of the 
characters of the period, came to Oktibbeha county from Cleveland, 
Ohio. Mr. Powers was a cousin of Governor R. C. Powers and was a 
man of culture, ability, and business experience. Mr. Powers began 
his career in Mississippi, not as a carpetbagger, but as a planter of 
means. Having failed at planting he went into politics and became 
the most influential leader of the RepubUcans in the county. Though 
placed in a difficult situation as the dispenser of Republican patronage 
in the county and often reviled and misunderstood, Mr. Powers 
throughout this stormy period was always the friend of the white man 
and an advocate of good government. This was shown by the fact 
that through his advice and influence Colonel Muldrow,^ a man of 
marked ability, afterwards grand cyclop of the local Ku Klux Klan 
and congressman for years from the Oktibbeha district, was elected a 
member of the State legislature along with Ben Chiles, an ignorant 
colored man, at a time when there were eight hundred more negroes 
than white men registered in Oktibbeha county. 

As Muldrow voted so voted Ben Chiles. WHienever a vote was 
called for or an opinion asked, Ben would say "I must see my friend 
Colonel Muldrow. " It was well for Oktibbeha county and the State 
that Muldrow was there and that he was consulted. After the defal- 
cation of Crockett Sullivan in 1867, Powers was appointed sheriff by 
Governor Ames. In 1868 he was elected on the Republican ticket 
to this office in the regular election over Henry McCright and J. W. 
James. He was an honest and capable officer. His task was a very 
difficult one, for he was hated by many because of the fact that he 
was a Northern RepubHcan and had been elected by the negro vote. 
Then, too, the negroes, grossly ignorant, and inordinately puffed up 
in this year of jubilee of their new found freedom, were exceedingly 
hard to control. Through their loyal leagues and other organizations 
they began to demand a share for themselves in the State and county 
government. The Republican leaders generally were soon almost in 
the position of him who was "Hoist with his own petard. " 

At one time when the negroes were organizing and marching to and 
fro over the county to the various voting places the white men, grown 
desperate, went to Powers and told him that they would kill him if 

*A sketch of Col. H. L. Muldrow by Hon. Geo. J. Leftwich will be found in the 
Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, X, 269-279. — Editor. 



276 Mississippi Historical Society. 

he did not put a check on such conduct. Powers professed himself 
a friend of the white man's government and promised to do what he 
could. The feeling against him was so bitter after his reelection as 
sheriff over the Democratic candidates that an effort was made by the 
desperate and disgruntled element to prevent his making bond. When 
his bond was made by some of the most prominent Democrats of the 
county who knew his real character and worth, a further effort was 
made to have him impeached and thrown out of of&ce for dishonesty. 
In answer to this charge Powers said, " Gentlemen, have an expert to 
examine my books and I will pay all expenses." The investigation 
was made and the books were found absolutely correct. The State 
afterwards refunded to Powers the amount paid out by him for the 
investigation. 

After a time even the most headstrong and impulsive element in 
the Democratic party came to understand Powers better. As will 
be seen later, it was an open secret that it was his influence more than 
that of any one else with those high in authority in the Federal govern- 
ment that saved the leaders of the Ku Klux Klan in Oktibbeha county 
from serving a term in the Federal prison at Albany. 

Powers accepted without reservation that famous political maxim 
that to the victors belong the spoils. Along with one Loomis, who also 
hailed from Cleveland, Ohio, he secured the contract for building the 
Artesia to Starkville spur of the Mobile and Ohio railroad. The work 
was done with convict labor, which was secured from the legislature 
through political influence. The county Republican organization, 
which was at this time in the heyday of its power, voted bonds and 
collected heavy taxes galore. Loomis amassed a fortune as a con- 
tractor and went back North. His operations covered a wide range 
of territory in the State. At one time he had an office in Jackson. 
It is a striking tribute to the honesty of Powers that he lived and died 
a comparatively poor man.* 

As has been remarked, the ignorant freedman, drunk with the con- 
sciousness of freedom and led astray by designing political agitators, 
seemed to think that it was un-Republican not to organize into loyal 
leagues and other clubs and march over the county. Generally they 



* Thomas Gillespie is authority for information as to the building of the spur 
line of the Mobile and Ohio to Starkville. 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 277 

were in a state of unrest^ like sheep without a shepherd — all looking 
eagerly for that supposedly promised gift of forty acres and a mule 
to each head of a family. In their excited and unsettled condition 
they reverted to the savage customs of their African ancestors, who 
had been trained to rally to some central point when the sound of their 
rude war drums was heard over hill and jungle. This was to them 
what the fiery cross was to the Gael or the beacon fire to the Saxon or 
North American Indian. Late at night the children of the Southern 
planters shivered with a nameless dread as the throbbing drums an- 
nounced to them that the negroes were assembling and marching, 
they knew not why nor where. 

When the negroes were becoming very insolent and unruly Dr. 
Ellis, of the Trim Cane neighborhood in Oktibbeha county, a United 
States Commissioner, issued a warrant for the arrest of a negro, Gabe 
Dotson, who had been guilty of some misdemeanor. This warrant 
was served by Bob Ellis, a nephew of Dr. Ellis, who was at that time 
clerking for Mr. Hub Sanders. Robert Ellis made the arrest and 
immediately the whole league or the organized body of negroes in 
that community armed themselves and marched into Starkville. 
They had been organized and drilled by Bob McDuffie, a negro who 
it was said had picked up some crude ideas of military science from 
service as body servant of his master in the Confederate army. As 
they marched up the main street of Starkville their guns were carried 
in a wagon in the midst of the column and were covered with corn 
shucks and thus concealed. Robert Ellis, who in the discharge of his 
duty had arrested their compatriot, was the main object of their search. 
When they reached the vicinity of the present courthouse in Starkville 
one of their number, named Samson Wynn, espying Ellis on the street, 
approached him and began to curse him. Ellis immediately shot him 
down. Bob McDuffie, the negro with the drum, seeing this, struck it 
and immediately the negroes rushed for their guns and began to fall in 
line returning the fire and shooting down Ellis. By this time all the 
white men on the street were rushing for their guns and the negroes 
were firing on them. A general and bloody battle, in which the negroes 
would have been exterminated, seemed imminent. Sheriff Powers, 
hearing the firing, rushed out of his office about the time that the drum 
signal to begin firing was given. The negroes in their excitement not 
knowing difference between a white Republican and any other white 



278 Mississippi Historical Society. 

man, he was shot in the neck with duck shot and quite painfully 
wounded. Robert Ellis, who was seriously but not mortally wounded, 
came limping painfully to the door of Mr. Hub Sanders' store and 
Sanders let him in. The negroes, armed and organized, had possession 
of Main street for a time. Capt. Hub Sanders and all the white men in 
town had rushed for their guns, however, and were preparing for an 
organized attack which the negroes could not have withstood. Know- 
ing what was in preparation, Col. H. L. Muldrow rushed out among 
the negroes and urged them to disband at once and return to their 
homes and thus avoid further bloodshed.^ 

Afraid of the white man's anger and demoralized no doubt by the 
fact that they had shot Powers, the negroes hearkened to this wise 
advice and scattered to their homes. They were not to escape so 
easily, however. A night or two later a posse, including fifty or sev- 
enty-five men from Clay county, went to out arrest the ring leaders. 
Among others, Gabe Dotson's house was visited. The desperate 
negro shot at them from his cabin and one Ab. Ramey of West Point 
was wounded. After the shooting the negro ran for his life, but must 
have been overtaken, as he was never heard of again. 

Learning a lesson from this riot. Powers had guards placed around 
the town to prevent any more negro bands from marching into it. 

From 1866 to 1871, at which latter date the Ku Klux began to 
get in its work, were the halcyon days of negro and carpetbag rule 
in Oktibbeha county. Owing to the strictness of the test oaths and 
to the fact that many Democrats had either failed to register or had 
lost their registration certificates, there was at one time during this 
period a majority of eight hundred negro and Republican voters in 
the coimty. At this time, the whites were also intimidated by the 
power of the United States government behind the carpetbagger. 
They had not yet learned how to keep the negro from the polls or how 
to "cancel" his vote after he had been there. The negroes organized 
and marched in solid column to the polls on election days. At one 
time they wore yellow shirts, that is as far as they were able to do so, 
as a sort of uniform or badge of organization. At another time they 
appeared, each with an ear of corn suspended from the neck. In 



^Mr. Hub Sanders, Confederate soldier, Ku Kluxer and sheriff of Oktibbeha 
county for sixteen years, is the source of information as to the riot. 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 279 

this palmy time of the negro and carpetbagger in old Oktibbeha an 
old negro named Dave Higgins made a speech to his fellow Ethiops in 
the course of which he admonished them after this fashion "You nig- 
gers quit 'busing the white folks, for some white folks is as good as 
niggers." 

During this period many negroes were elected to office in Oktibbeha 
county. Ben Chiles, already mentioned in connection with Colonel 
Muldrow, was in the legislature as were also Randall Nettles, Caesar 
Simmons, and Anderson Boyd. All these "legislators" have long 
since passed away with the exception of Ben Chiles and Randall 
Nettles. For years Ben was a well known character on the Starkville 
streets and has only recently died. When joked by the young white 
men with reference to his career in the legislature he would retort 
"Honey that sho is one place where you can never go" — or words to 
that effect. 

Caesar Hyde, John Gamble, and Juniper Yeates were at various 
times members of the board of supervisors. A negro named Jim 
McNichols held at one time the office in which there were surely great 
opportunities for " emolument " — that of county treasurer. As we 
find no record of his having become rich, he must have been like the 
rest of them, a mere catspaw for the white men who were wielding the 
real power. 

Ignorance and corruption could not long hold sway over the Anglo- 
Saxon, and the white man soon began to come into his own. In no 
uncertain tones the voices of the real rulers of the county were heard. 
Rendered desperate by such unspeakable conditions the native white 
people determined that by fair means or foul a check should be placed 
on negro and carpetbag misrule. Soon ballot stufiing, open intimida- 
tion, and bribery of negro voters at the polls were resorted to. Here 
if at any period in the world's history, the end justified the means. 
What was this end? I answer "The preservation of white suprem- 
acy and the keeping intact of the heritage of the fathers." Yes, the 
ballot boxes in Oktibbeha county were stuffed and, as Mr. Page an 
old member of the Ku Klux and war horse of Democracy remarked, 
"They were stuffed with mighty good stuffin." As few of the negroes 
could read, the clerk of the election was usually a Democrat. A fav- 
orite method of "carrying elections" in Oktibbeha was for the clerk 
of the election to memorize the entire list of names and offices on the 



28o Mississippi Historical Society. 

Democratic ticket and then read the Republican ballots as if they were 
Democratic. 

An amusing story is told in this connection of an old negro preacher 
who was one of the clerks of an election. Determined to carry the 
election for white supremacy the Demorats made him drunk. One 
Hale, a Republican candidate, stood uneasily by while the stuffing 
went merrily on and his political doom was being writ. Ever and 
anon he would punch the sleeping negro, saying in an anxious tone, 
"Wake up parson!" After a time seeing the utter futility of further 
anxiety or effort he exclaimed "Pshaw! Pshaw!" and departed. Just 
about this time the drunken negro opened his eyes and looked all 
around and said " Do you tink anyting has gone wrong ? " No, 
nothing had gone wrong, but that particular box had gone right! 

Sometimes more strenuous measures than ballot box stuffing and 
moral suasion were resorted to in Oktibbeha. The doctrine of the 
Jesuits was pressed to its limits even to the extreme of physical vio- 
lence as a punishment for bad faith. In their loyal leagues the negroes 
had been taught to give acquiescence to their former masters and 
pretend to vote the Democratic ticket, but in reaUty to vote the Re- 
publican. 

Upon one occassion an election hung in the balance and much de- 
pended upon the result, the Democrats armed and desperate, stood 
around the polls and even snatched the ballots from the hands of 
negroes and intimidated them in various other ways. 

On one occasion Rhett Maxwell had secured a negro's promise 
that he would vote the Democratic ticket. As the negro went in to 
vote Captain McDowell, who was standing near by, said to Maxwell 
"Watch that negro, he is going to vote the Republican ticket." 
Maxwell knew that the negro had the Democratic ticket in his right 
hand, but when he came to vote he voted the Republican ticket, 
which was in his left. So incensed was Captain McDowell at this 
breach of faith that when the negro came out he struck him a heavy 
blow with his fist, knocking him down. Captain McDowell and Mr. 
Maxwell are men of the highest probity and honor, the former being 
a Presbyterian elder and the latter a prominent Baptist. Both say 
that in defence of white supremacy, their families, and all that is dear 
to them they would act the same way, if placed again in similar cir- 
cumstances. Theirs was the spirit of Virginius who slew his daughter 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 281 

rather than see her dishonored. Desperate diseases require des- 
perate remedies. 

All of this course, was wrong in principle and proved a fruitful 
source of moral obliquity. Some men, who stuffed the ballot boxes 
when it seemed necessary, had their moral faculties so blunted that 
after a time they stuffed them when there was no real necessity. 

As soon as these measures of expediency ceased to be called for 
in the closing of the imminent deadly breach through which the hosts 
of carpetbag misrule were rushing to prey upon the defenseless South 
— their use was discouraged by the Southern leaders. Gen. J. Z. 
George early sounded the note of warning against the use of such 
methods. He early saw the creeping miasma of moral obliquity and 
advised the Southern white man to turn aside from such methods; 
to get guns and of necessary stand at the polls and use open violence 
rather than fraud. 

The Ku Klux Klan was organized in Starkville in about 1868. 
The best men of the county were in it. Colonel Muldrow, than 
whom no man was more loved and honored, was grand cyclops — chief 
organizer and head of the Klan. Other prominent members were 
Messrs. Gay, Page, Carothers, Rhett, Murray, Maxwell, Thomas and 
George Gillespie, Hub Sanders, and Henry Fox. Their usual meet- 
ing place was in a grove near George Gillespie's house about a quarter 
of a mile from the town of Starkville. The Klan adopted and carried 
out only preventive and remedial measures in Oktibbeha county. 
They were particularly active about election times frightening and, 
sometimes as an extreme measure, whipping unruly negroes. Though 
some irresponsible parties masqueraded as Ku Klux and ran to "an 
excess of riot," it is the proud and truthful boast of the regular organ- 
ization in the county of Oktibbeha that at no time were their hands 
stained with human blood. They rode in nondescript costumes de- 
signed by themselves. Usually their only disguise were sheets draped 
about their persons.^ 

The negroes were not always as badly deceived as they appeared. 
An old negro named Johnson Gillespie, who had belonged to Dr. W. 
E. Gillespie of Starkville, said to his yoimg master, "Marse George, 



* Sources of information as to Ku Klux Klan were Messrs. George Gillespie 
Hub Sanders, and Murray Maxwell. 



282 Mississippi Historical Society. 

what are these things that go around at night called Ku Klux?" 
George Gillespie answered "I do not know, but they say they are the 
spirits of the dead." The old negro answered "If dey are the sper- 
rits of de just who went to heaben I don't tink dey would want to 
come back to this country, and if dey are the sperrits of the wicked 
it is a poor hell that will not hold them." 

The most picturesque and interesting character among the carpet- 
baggers of Oktibbeha was one McLaughlin. He had zeal, but not 
according to knowledge, and the fanaticism if not the courage of old 
John Brown. He had been a presiding elder in the Northern Meth- 
odist church, and when he came South he assisted in the organization 
of the negro Methodist church and accepted the same position in its 
economy. Soon after his arrival in Starkville he became the head 
of the freedman's bureau. He was also an organizer of loyal leagues, 
chief fomenter of political unrest, and an encourager of social equality. 
At the freedman's bureau headquarters near the present courthouse 
in Starkville he established a sort of cooperative store or stock com- 
pany. Stock was $5 per share and corn or other produce was accepted 
in lieu of money. A negro's credit was in proportion to the number 
of shares he held. As McLaughlin lived at the store on terms of 
social equaHty with the negroes, it naturally became a negro head- 
quarters. Encouraged by him the negroes became more and more 
insolent every day. White men and women were crowded into the 
gutters by the marching negroes. It was about this time that as a 
consequence of the Ellis riot Captain McCright was appointed by 
Sherifif Powers to guard the town. 

Conditions finally became so unbearable that thirty or forty men 
from the western part of the county organized to come in and as they 
expressed it either " get " McLaughlin or drive him away. Some of 
these men were in the regular Ku Klux organization and some were 
not. The night this party started for Starkvilee Hub Sanders, a res- 
ident, had ridden out to collect a party to guard the town. When 
some distance out, some shots were fired as a Ku Klux signal in the 
distance. Sanders and his men then turned back and met the other 
party who were going in after McLaughlin. Sanders advised them 
not to go as Captain McCright, an old Confederate soldier, was on 
guard and would defend McLaughlin to the death. Part of the party 
under George Gillespie went on anyway, Sanders refusing to go with 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 283 

them. Leaving the main road and thus eluding the guard they came 
around through the section now known as Hard Scrabble to McLaugh- 
lin's store. McLaughlin and the negroes with him in fear of some such 
raid had piled up three or four hundred bushels of corn against the 
door. The party secured a long pole and using it as a battering ram 
drove the door from its hinges; McLaughlin and the negroes with 
him meanwhile crying murder at the top of their voices. Aroused 
by the clamor the town guard under McCright came up and drove 
the party away. The reputable element among the Ku Klux only 
wanted to frighten McLaughlin and drive him away, but there were 
those in the party who would have killed him.'' McLaughlin, who 
had been warned before and had refused to go, was glad enough to 
leave this time. W. B. Montgomery, a prominent citizen, acted as 
go-between and arranged that McLaughlin should depart the next day. 
Strange to relate under the principle that you must fight the devil 
with fire McLaughlin asked that "Devil Jim Bell" a local fire eater 
be selected to guard him on the way to the railroad station. While 
W. B. Montgomery was in consultation with McLaughlin at the f reed- 
men's bureau headquarters as to ways and means of escape a party 
came and offered their services as a "guard" for McLaughlin to May- 
hew, twelve miles away. Montgomery fortunately called to mind the 
spirit of the old adage "Beware of the Greeks bearing gifts" and 
after looking them over decided that McLaughlin would never get 
to Mayhew with them, alive. So with the connivance of Mont- 
gomery, who was determined to avoid bloodshed, McLaughlin was 
dressed in a woman's clothes and slipped out through Hard Scrabble 
to the nearest railroad station and finally landed safely in Holly 
Springs. Breathing forth threatenings and slaughter, he was back in 
a few days with United States marshals and a troop of cavalry at 
his back. 

There were three separate dens of Ku Klux in Oktibbeha county. 
One had its headquarters at Starkville, another at the Choctaw agency 
in the country and the third and last at Double Springs. Men from 
all three dens had participated to a greater or less extent in the har- 
rying of McLaughlin. All of them had united in the determination 



^ My sources of information on McLaughlin were Professor Maxwell, Hub 
Sanders and George Gillespie. 



284 Mississippi Historical Society. 

to drive him from the country. The negroes, not at all times so badly 
scared and deceived as had been supposed, had penetrated the dis- 
guises of many of the Ku Klux and lodged information against them. 
McLaughlin's special animosity seemed to be directed against Jim 
Bell, the man whose services as guardian he had requested. Bell sat 
in the streets and shouted "Hello Yanks" to the troops as they went 
directly towards his house and then, hearing they were after him, 
fled. The troops burst into Bell's house and surprised his wife and 
sister-in-law in their night clothes. Trusting to the aforementioned 
negro sources of information McLaughlin had every man arrested and 
indicted whom he thought had had anything to do with his hurried 
exodus. So unreliable was his information, however, that he failed 
to have arrested a single man who had been an active participant. 
Many of the leading Ku Klux, however, were caught in the drag net 
and carried to Holly Springs. While the arrests were being made 
the soldiers were quartered for a night or two in the courthouse in 
Starkville. The conduct of the soldiers in breaking into Jim Bell's 
house had so aroused the county that a party of thirty men made up 
at Steele's mill near Starkville were in full march to attack the sol- 
diers when the counsel of older and wiser heads prevailed and they 
yielded to the entreaties of Captain Beattie and Rogers and Judge 
Hopkins. 

Rhett Maxwell, Murray Maxwell, Y. Z. Harrington, Jim Watt, 
Wiley Moss, William Bell, Col. Graves, Aleck Hogan, John Yeates, 
and others, to the number of twenty-six, were arrested. These ar- 
rests, of course, created intense excitement. Some of the more des- 
perate spirits meditated a cross country expedition for the pur- 
pose of disposing finally of McLaughlin, who was teaching a negro 
school in Holly Springs. The counsel of wiser heads again prevailed. 
The committal trial was held at Holly Springs. No trouble was had 
in securing bond for the accused, as bondsmen went up from Stark- 
ville and the most prominent citizens of Marshall county vied with 
each other in the effort to sign the bail bonds. 

The accused men were arraigned before Judge R. A. Hill at Oxford 
at the next succeeding term of the Federal court. Judge Hill, a very 
fair and impartial judge, showed his sympathy for the accused men, 
but there is no doubt that as Ku Klux they came very near making a 
trip to the Federal prison at Albany. In this time of need Powers, 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 285 

the Republican leader in Oktibbeha county, showed himself the 
white man's friend. He used his influence with those in authority and 
declared that not a man who was under arrest in Oxford had been 
concerned in the raid on McLaughlin's store. This assurance, coming 
from such a source, had great effect. The prosecuting attorney of the 
Federal court in session at Oxford was a carpetbagger named G. Wiley 
Wells. Many of those on trial were old soldiers. Armed and abso- 
lutely fearless, they were ready for any desperate enterprise. At one 
time they seriously considered attacking and chaining up G. Wiley 
Wells and the trial judge and all Republican ofl&cials and escaping 
across the country to Texas. In a spirit of desperate bravado they 
would shout G. Wiley Wells after the fashion of a court crier at all 
hours of the night. One night all the accused, draping themselves 
in sheets, participated in a mock Ku Klux parade to the room occu- 
pied by G. Wiley Wells. Knocking on the door they cried in stentorian 
tones for G. Wiley Wells to come out and view them. Needless to 
say he did not emerge. Really intimidated — knowing the nature of 
the men with whom he was deahng and realizing that they repre- 
sented the real voice of the people ^ — Wells and other Republican 
Federal court officials had the cases postponed, and they never came 
up again for trial. Soon after the postponenent F. S. Pate, a Repub- 
lican lawyer of Oktibbeha county made the proposition that he would 
extricate all from the trouble who would pay him $100. George Gil- 
lespie and Hub Sanders had been arrested and arraigned in Stark- 
ville, but had not been carried to Oxford with the others. Never- 
theless they were very uneasy. Gillespie, who was at the time a 
man of means, states that when he heard that something was in the 
air and that there was a possible way of escape, he took the Mobile and 
Ohio train and rode it continuously for a time from Corinth to 
Meridian "looking for the hole." He finally found it, and paid for him- 
self and a friend Drake and several others. Sanders and all of the 
others who could raise the money also paid. They had a wholesome 
respect acquired in the war for the United States government and 
wished to be very certain that this matter would never come up again. 
F. S. Pate, the Republican lawyer who opened the way of escape, was 
a native of Lowndes county, Mississippi. He secured the appoint- 
ment as chancellor in the Oktibbeha district and held it imtil the 
overthrow of the carpetbag regime. 



286 Mississippi Historical Society. 

McLaughlin, who was a poor sort of creature at best, went to St. 
Louis from Holly Springs and became assistant to the district attorney. 
He seems to have suffered a partial change of heart. Some five or six 
years ago he visited Starkville. Some one saw him on the street and 
pointing him out to Professor Maxwell said "There is your friend," 
Maxwell then said to him "Hello there, do you know who I am?" 
"You are Mr. Maxwell" replied McLaughlin. "Didn't you swear 
lies on me at Holly Springs" said Maxwell. "I was mistaken" 
humbly replied McLaughlin. 

Any low vagabond and camp follower from the North who was 
willing to affiliate with the negroes was able to make a poHtical tool 
of them at this time. Contemporary with McLaughlin in Oktibbeha 
county was one McBride, who had been whipped out of Chickasaw 
coimty where he had taught a negro school. Becoming the teacher 
of a negro school at Osborn, he was found guilty of rape committed 
on one of his pupils and forced to leave the country. One Leak, a 
carpetbagger also taught a negro school in the county and was at one 
time president of the board of supervisors. He was whipped on the 
streets of Starkville by Thomas Gillespie for writing an insulting note 
to Gillespie's sister when she asked him to pay a just debt. He died 
of pneumonia in Starkville not long after he received this thrashing. 

Another low vagabond was "Shirt" Wilson, so-called because he 
was tried for the theft of a shirt from the negro with whom he was 
living. Though making a speech in his own defense he was convicted 
and jailed, but falling over in a fit he was released and permitted to 
leave the county. 

The man who gave the most trouble in the county and held the 
negro vote together the longest were not these low characters, but 
men of good family and reputation, many of them natives of the 
county, who became Republicans after the war for the spoils of office. 
W. E. Saunders, the two Sullivans, Woodward, Hale, and F. S. Pate 
were men of this type. 

In the early seventies the Democratic political organizations of the 
county made it a point to intimidate and if necessary whip the lead- 
ers of the negro drum companies and break up the meetings of these 
organizations. If possible the drums were always secured and de- 
stroyed and threats made of more drastic treatment if any further 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 287 

meeting, marching or drumming was attempted. These measures 
of expediency were not always carried through without bloodshed. 

Before a political speaking at the Choctaw agency, the democratic 
organization arranged to have signals given with horns if trouble 
should arise. The negroes marched to the speaking in solid phalanx 
with drum beating. This proving very offensive to the Democrats, 
an agreement was made between the parties that both horn blowing 
and drum beating should cease, after which both parties dispersed. 
On his way home from the speaking young Sessums met a negro named 
Todd Hudgins, carrying an arm full of guns toward Chapel Hill, a 
negro church which was a favorite assembling ground of the negroes. 
Sessums asked Hudgins what he was going to do with so many guns 
so late in the evening, the negro answered "We are going to kill every 
woman and child in this beat tonight. Our club meets at Chapel 
Hill and I am carrying the guns to them." This was all that was 
necessary to make young Sessums resolve on desperate measures. 
Ascending a high hill, he sounded the notes of alarm upon his horn. 
As soon as they could secure their guns all the able-bodied white 
Democrats answered his signal by joining him near Chapel Hill. 
Marching in company formation, under the leadership of Thomas 
Peters, they advanced at once on the negro church. As they rounded 
a bend in the road near the church the negroes, who had already as- 
sembled, fired on them. The whites at once returned the fire, kill- 
ing one negro outright and wounding about thirty, some of whom 
afterwards died. The negroes scattered like sheep at the first fire, 
the white men holding the field and getting possession of the guns. 
The ringleaders in the disturbance were arrested by H. C. Powers, 
the Republican sheriff, and sent to Washington to testify before the 
Congressional committee. With them was sent Henry Outlaw, the 
negro leader. They were acquitted, Outlaw himself swearing that the 
negroes were at fault. An interesting sidelight on his testimony is 
furnished by the fact that the Democrats told Henry on the way up 
that he would never see Mississippi again if he did not tell the truth. 

No man was ever loved more by the people of Starkville than Col. 
H. L. Muldrow, who was familiarly called by his friends the little 
giant of Oktibbeha county. He it was who with the connivance of 
Powers was sent to the Mississippi legislature to act as a check upon 



288 Mississippi Historical Society. 

the ignorant negroes in that body. He it was who in 1868 as grand 
Cyclops became the chief organizer of the Ku Klux Klan in the Masonic 
building in Starkville. He it was who with his law partner, General 
Nash, was counsel for the accused men of Oktibbeha in Oxford who 
were suffering from a persecution rather a prosecution. Years after, 
when an attempt was being made to defeat him for some public office, 
one of the men whom he had defended told of how on one occasion 
when the case seemed to be going against them and a term in Federal 
prison stared them in the face, Muldrow followed the accused to 
their rooms and told them almost with tears that he was one with 
them and would be beaten with the same stripes with which they were 
aflElicted. 

Colonel Muldrow's triumphant canvass for Congress in 1875, when 
the white man had begun to come again into his own, was the occasion 
of one of the most exciting incidents of the Reconstruction period. 
There was to be a joint discussion at the fair grounds in Starkville 
between Muldrow and Finis H. Little, the RepubHcan candidate, with 
whom were his lieutenants, Lee and Frazee. The negro Republican 
organizations of Oktibbeha having assembled the rank and file of 
their membership to the number of about twelve or fifteen hundred 
at "I John Church," upon the site of which the present dairy barn of 
the Agricultural and Mechanical College now stands, announced that 
they intended to march to the speaking in solid colimin through the 
streets of Starkville. The whites had had enough of negro marching 
and drumming, and determined to resist any such demonstration to 
the death. In pursuance of this resolution a body of men much in- 
ferior in numbers to the negroes, but officered by old soldiers and suffi- 
cient to have exterminated them, was assembled in the streets of 
Starkville. Colonel Doss, the last colonel of the 14th Mississippi, and 
Captain McDowell of Starkville were in command. The negroes had 
been warned not to attempt the march. Rhett Maxwell, now Pro- 
fessor Maxwell of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, had said 
to a negro leader, one De Loache "You shall not march." De Loache 
had answered "We will." Maxwell then told him to go to a certain 
store and buy the finest suit of clothes on sale there. This was to be 
his if he marched. The implication was that he would only need it 
for his coffin. So answered King Harold, Harald Hardrada, King of 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 289 

Norway when he told him that he could have only six feet by two of 
English ground.^ 

The little force of white men in Starkville had been reinforced from 
West Point by Albert Cottrell and others who brought a cannon with 
them. When the news came that the negroes in the face of all warn- 
ing had said that they would march through Starkville streets, if they 
had to wade through blood, plans of battle were quickly formed. The 
Starkville cannon under Captain Hub Sanders and the cannon from 
West Point under Captain Cottrell were loaded to the muzzle with 
buckshot and scrapiron and planted on an elevation commanding the 
street up which the negroes were to march. After the first discharge 
the negroes were to be charged in front and flank by the force imder 
Colonel Doss and Captain McDowell. 

When the pickets who had been sent out returned and reported 
that the negro column was actually in motion all was expectancy, ex- 
citement, and grim determination. The younger element particu- 
larly were spoiling for the fray and could hardly be restrained by their 
leaders. The negroes marched in solid formation, the drum beating 
at their head. Their guns were carried in wagons in the midst of 
the column. When the head of the column reached a point near 
where the Baptist church now is. Captains Sessums and Beattie of the 
Democratic executive committee, wishing to avoid if possible a useless 
slaughter, suggested that it would be a good idea to go and stop them. 
Acting upon this suggestion Captain McDowell, saying that he would 
not ask any man to do what what he would not do himself, rode forth 
alone and reined up his horse directly in front of the advancing col- 
umn of negroes. 

The old Confederate soldier showed himself a Horatius indeed that 
day; for who could tell what these semi-barbarians would do? In 
order to succor Captain McDowell in case of an attack, Godfrey, a 
Louisianian, rode up close behind him. Rhett Maxwell and Jim Gunn 
and Jim Bell also sat on their horses near by. Paying little attention 
to McDowell, the negroes came on. The negro with the drum was 
beating it violently at the head of the column. Captain McDowell 



^ These facts were obtained from Hub Sanders, Professor Maxwell, and Captain 
McDowell. 



290 Mississippi Historical Society. 

was forced by them to back his horse for a considerable distance. 
Finally a negro leveled a derringer at the Captain as he commanded 
them to disperse and go back. Immediately the Captain covered 
him with his pistol and the negro instead of firing fell flat on the 
ground. The Captain's horse having backed upon a small bridge that 
spanned a ditch at that point in the road, the negro with the drum 
ran forward beating it violently. His object was to frighten the horse 
and force the Captain off the bridge. Then he would no doubt have 
been set upon and clubbed before his friends could have reached him. 
The old soldier was equal to the situation. Having already "floored" 
the negro with the derringer he now leveled his pistol at the drummer 
with the stern command ''Strike that drum again and I'll kill you." 
At this juncture an old negro about seventy-five years old rushed up to 
the head of the column and shouted, "Beat that drum; I am as ready 
to die now as any time." Keeping the drummer covered McDowell 
answered, "Well, old man, you will die if he beats it." Needless to say 
there was no more drumming just then. The old soldier's heroism 
had saved the situation. Overawed by the coolness and determi- 
nation of McDowell and those who had ridden up to his support the 
negroes wavered and halted. By mere moral suasion and force of 
will and dauntless bravery in the face of odds the Anglo Saxon was 
triumphant. The sight of the two cannons on the hill had also done 
much toward creating a healthy sentiment in favor of retreat. Capt. 
Hub Sanders was sitting by his cannon calmly smoking. A negro, 
Bob Bell, gazing with distended eyes, exclaimed that he could stand 
one bullet but not a sack full. 

After McDowell had ridden off and while the negroes were still 
standing irresolute, Capt. W. H. Chiles walked up and beckoning to 
the yellow negro drummer said, "Come with me." As they started 
off a negro in the column cried, "Don't go with that white man." 
At this Chiles turned and drawing his pistol walked into the column 
asking to be shown the negro who had spoken. Taking the negro 
drummer up the street a short distance, he showed him stacked away 
in a store one hundred and seventy-five guns — and said impressively 
"Beat that drum again and we'll kill you." The negro answered, 
"Boss, I don't believe I will beat it any more." Hearing of the at- 
tempted march of the negroes and knowing that cannon had been 
planted in the road ahead to stop them. Judge Orr of Columbus, a 
prominent Republican, rode up to the head of their column and told 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 291 

them that the white men were in a temper to exterminate them if 
they attempted to proceed. H. C. Powers, the Republican sheriff, 
also entered their ranks and implored them to turn back. After lin- 
gering sullenly in the road for a time they gave heed to this advice 
and dispersed. 

The Democratic secret political organization, known as "Square 
Robinson," initiated members in Oktibbeha county about 1872. Their 
method of salutation was ''Have you seen Robinson?" The reply 
to this was "What Robinson?" To this the first speaker answered 
"Square Robinson." Murray Maxwell, George Gillespie, Hub 
Sanders, and Glenn Bell were members. This organization was 
formed for the purpose of controlling the elections and seeing to it 
that, whether by fair or questionable means, they went Democratic. 

The Red Shirts also had their day in Oktibbeha coimty. There 
was nothing secret about this movement. The man who wore a red 
shirt simply proclaimed to the world the fact that a Democratic heart 
beat beneath it. The Red Shirts were very much in evidence around 
the polls on election days. A negro named Graham Spencer said to 
J. W. Rousseau, "What do all these red shirts mean? I know what 
they mean — they mean blood. If the white folks wants blood they 
can get it." At this point in his remarks Rousseau struck him over 
the head with a hickory stick, knocking him down. Getting up in a 
half-dazed condition he started down the road and met a negro named 
Nelson Thompson. "What is the matter," asked the negro, "Mr. 
Rousseau is up there trjdng to start up a riot, " repUed Spencer. This 
blow seems to have started Spencer in the right direction for he lost 
interest in politics and began to preach the gospel soon after. 

The history of Oktibbeha is to a large extent the history of the 
other counties of the State. Immediately after the war the men of 
Mississippi were too much dazed and broken in spirit to effectively 
attempt to cheat of their prey the hordes of carpetbag vultures who 
poured in upon them — for it was not the eagle that preyed upon the 
vitals of the bound Prometheus, but the vulture. After a time, rising 
from lethargy and despair, the manhood of the State began to assert 
itself. Bound hand and foot and unable to adopt open and legitimate 
methods, history repeated itself, and they took the way of an oath- 
bound secret organization — the Ku Klux Klan. Well says Garner,^ 

' History of Reconstruction in Mississippi, 353. 



292 Mississippi Historical Society. 

"History abounds with illustrations of the truth that the secret conclave, the 
league and the conspiracy are the sequences of political proscription and dis- 
franchisement. The Illumines in France, the Tugenbund in Germany, the Car- 
bonari in Italy, and Nihilism in Russia are notable examples. In the Southern 
States opposition to the Congressional policy of reconstruction did not take the 
form of armed and organized resistance, but of secret retahation upon its agents, 
and especially favored beneficiaries regardless of race, color, or nativity." 

Square Robinson and the Red Shirt movement is Mississippi were 
simply designed to perpetuate and establish what the Ku Klux move- 
ment had so well begun. Through these organizations the Demo-" 
crats secured only a temporary control of the political situation. 
Then too, such methods were fruitful sources of moral obliquity and 
were therefore fraught with danger to the young manhood of the 
South. At best the snake was scotched, not killed; the negro vote 
was ever to be reckoned with; and as long as this entered as an element 
into the situation the question of white supremacy hung suspended 
like Mahomet's coffin between earth and heaven. The problem was 
how to give it a firm foundation and establish it forever. The Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1890 solved this problem in a satisfactory 
manner by formulating and attaching to the election laws of the State 
"the educational qualification. Gen. J. Z. George, the formulator of 
this most important legislation, was most ably seconded in his efforts 
by Barksdale and other able and farseeing Mississippians. General 
George being an able constitutional lawyer, the Franchise legislations 
modeled after similar legislation which in the constitution of Northern 
states had been designed for the purpose of curbing the vote of the 
ignorant alien, easily stood the test of the Supreme Court of the United 
States. Similar legislation soon became a part of the fundamental 
law of all Southern States. Mississippians as pioneers had wrought a 
glorious work. A new era had dawTied for the South. May such 
terrible dangers never confront the men of Mississippi and Oktibbeha 
county again, but if they should arise may we be given strength to 
meet and overcome them. 

It is fitting that this paper should close with the words of Professor 
Maxwell, a beloved member of the faculty of the Agricultural and 
Mechanical College, a prominent Baptist and a man beloved all over 
the State. When asked by the writer whether he would act again as 
he had acted should similar conditions arise, he answered "Yes, I 
would do the same things now, only I would pray God's blessing upon 
me while doing them." 



Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 



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COMPLETE CONTENTS OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF 
THE MISSISSIPPI HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 
ARRANGED BY VOLUMES 

Contents of Volume I 

I. Mississippi's "Backwood's Poet," by Prof. Dabney Lipscomb. 2. Mis- 
sissippi as a Field for the Student of Literature, by Prof. W L. Weber. 3 Suf- 
frage in Mississippi, by Hon R. H. Thompson. 4. Spanish Policy in Mississippi 
after the Treaty of San Lorenzo, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 5. Time and Place 
Relations in History with some Mississippi and Louisiana Applications, by Prof. 
Henry E. Chambers. 6. The Study and Teaching of History, by Prof. Herbert 
B. Adams 7. Some Facts in the Early History of Mississippi, by Prof. R. W. 
Jones. 8. Prehistoric Jasper Ornaments in Mississippi, by Chan. R. B. Fulton. 
9. Suggestions to Local Historians, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 10. Some Inac- 
curacies in Claiborne's History in Regard to Tecumseh, by Mr. H. S Halbert. 
II. Did Jones County Secede? by Prof. A. L Bondurant 12 Index. 

Contents of Volume IL 

The Historical Element in Recent Southern Literature, by Prof C. Alphonso 
Smith. 2. Irwin Russell — First Fruits of the Southern Romantic Movement, 
by Prof W L Weber 3. William Ward, a Mississippi Poet Entitled to Distinc- 
tion, by Prof. Dabney Lipscomb 4. Sherwood Bonner, Her Life and Place in 
Literature of the South, by Prof. A L. Bondurant. 5. "The Daughter of the 
Confederacy," Her Life, Character and Writings, by Prof. C. C. FerreU. 6. Sir 
William Dunbar, the Pioneer Scientist of Mississippi, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 
7. History of Taxation in Mississippi, by Prof. C. H. Brough. 8. Territorial 
Growth of Mississippi, by Prof. J. M White. 9. Early Slave Laws of Mississippi, 
by Alfred H Stone, Esq. 10. Federal Courts, Judges, Attorneys and Marshals 
of Mississippi, by Dr T M Owen. 11. Running Mississippi's South Line, by 
Judge Peter J. Hamilton. 12. Elizabeth Female Academy — The mother of Female 
Colleges, by Bishop Chas B. Galloway. 13 Early History of Jefferson College, 
by Mr J. K. Morrison 14. The Rise and Fall of Negro Rule in Mississippi, by 
Dr. Dunbar Rowland. 15. Glimpses of the Past, by Mrs. H. D. Bell. 16. His- 
toric Adams Coxmty, by Hon Gerard C. Brandon. 17. The Historical Oppor- 
tunity of Mississippi, by Prof R. W. Jones. 18. Nanih Waiya, the Sacred Mound 
of the Choctaws, by Mr H. S Halbert 19. Index. 

Contents of Volume III. 

I. Report of the Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting, by Dr. Franklin 
L Riley. 2. The Campaign of Vicksburg, Mississippi, in 1863 — from April 15th 
to and including the Battle of Champion HiUs, or Baker's Creek, May i6th, 1863, 
by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 3. Siege of Vicksburg, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 4. 
The Black and Tan Convention, by Col. J. L. Power. 5. Plantation Life in 
Mississippi Before the War, by Dr. Dunbar Rowland. 6. Private Letters of 
Mrs Humphreys, Written Immediately before and after the Ejectment of Her 
Husband from the Executive Mansion, by Mrs. Lizzie George Henderson. 7. 

299 



300 Mississippi Historical Society. 

Importance of the Local History of the Civil War, by Mrs. Josie F Cappleman. 
8. William C. Falkner, Novelist, by Prof. A. L. Bondurant. 9. James D. Lynch, 
Poet Laureate of the World's Columbian Exposition, by Prof Dabney Lipscomb. 

10. Bishop Otey as Provincial Bishop of Mississippi, by Rev. Arthur Howard Noli. 

11. Richard Curtis in the Country of the Natchez, by Rev Chas. H. Otken. 12. 
The Making of a State, by Miss Mary V. Duval. 13. Location of the Boundaries 
of Mississippi, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 14. Report of Sir William Dunbar to 
the Span'sh Government, at the Conclusion of His Services in Locating and Survey- 
ing the Thirty-first Degree of Latitude. 15. A Historical Outline of the Geograph- 
ical and Agricultural Survey of the State of Mississippi, by Dr. Eugene W. Hilgard. 
16 History of the Application of Science to Industry in Mississippi, by Dr. A. M. 
Muckenfuss. 17. William Charles Cole Claiborne, by Prof. H. E. Chambers. 
18. Transition from Spanish to American Control in Mississippi, by Dr. Franklin 
L. Riley. 19. Grenada and Neighboring Towns in the 30's, by Capt. L. Lake. 

20. History of Banking in Mississippi, by Dr. Charles Hillman Brough. 21. Origin 
and Location of the A. & M. College of Mississippi, by Mr. J. M. White. 22. 
Funeral Customs of the Choctaws, by Mr. H. S. Halbert. 23. Danville's Map of 
East Mississippi, by Mr. H. S. Halbert. 24. Index. 

Contents of Volume IV. 

I. Report of the Fourth Annual Meeting, April 18-19, iqoIj by Dr. Franklin L. 
Riley. 2. Campaign of Generals Grant and Sherman against Vicksburg in De- 
cember, 1862, and January ist and 2d, 1863, known as the "Chickasaw Bayou 
Campaign," by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 3. Sherman's Meridian Expedition from 
Vicksburg to Meridian, February 3d to March 6th, 1863, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 
4. Capture of Holly Springs, December 20, 1862, by Prof. J. G. Deupree. 5. 
Battle of Corinth and Subsequent Retreat, by Col. James Gordon. 6. Work of 
the United Daughters of the Confederacy, by Mrs. Albert G. Weems. 7. Local 
Incidents of the War Between the States, by Mrs. Josie Frazee Cappleman, 8. 
The First Struggle Over Secession in Mississippi, by Dr. Jas. W. Gamer. 9. Re- 
construction in East and Southeast Mississippi, by Capt. W. H. Hardy. 10. Legal 
Status of Slaves in Mississippi before the War, by Hon. W. W. Magruder. ii. 
Mississippi's Constitution and Statutes in Reference to Freedmen and their Al- 
leged Relation to the Reconstruction Acts and War Amendment, by A. H. Stone, 
Esq. 12. History of Millsaps College, by Bishop W. B. Murrah. 13. Lorenzo 
Dow in Mississippi, by Bishop C. B. Galloway. 14. Early Beginnings of Baptists 
in Mississippi, by Rev. Z. T. Leavell. 15. Importance of Archaeology, by Judge 
Peter J. Hamilton. 16. The Choctaw Creation Legend, by H. S. Halbert, Esq. 
17. Last Indian Council on the Noxubee, by H. S. Halbert, Esq. 18. The Real 
Philip Nolan, by Rev. Edward Everett Hale. 19. Letter from George Poindexter 
to Felix Houston, Esq. 20. The History of a County, by Mrs. Helen D. Bell. 

21. Recollections of Pioneer Life in Mississippi, by Miss Mary J. Welsh. 22. 
Political and Parliamentary Orators and Oratory in Mississippi, by Dr. Dunbar 
Rowland. 23. The Chevalier Bayard of Mississippi — Edward Cary Walthall, by 
Miss Mary Duvall. 24, Life of Gen. John A. Quitman, by Mrs. Rosalie Q. Duncan. 

25. T. A. S. Adams, Poet, Educator and Pulpit Orator, by Prof. Dabney Lipscomb. 

26. Influence of the Mississippi River upon the Early Settlement of its Valley, by 
Richard B. Houghton, Esq. 27. The Mississippi Panic of 1813, by Col. J. A. 
Watkins. 28. Repudiation of the Union and Planter's Bank Bonds, by Judge 
J. A. P. Campbell. 29. Index. 

Contents of Volume V. 

I. Administrative Report of the Mississippi Historical Commission, by Dr. 
Franklin L. Riley. 2. An Account of Manuscripts, Papers and Documents Per- 
taining to Mississippi in Public Repositories Beyond the State: (i) Foreign Archives 



Contents of Volumes I-XIII. 301 

by Judge Peter J. HamUton. (2) Federal Archives, by Dr. Thomas M. Owen, 

(3) State Archives, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. (4) Libraries and Societies, by Prof. 
James M. White. 3. An Account of Manuscripts, Papers and Documents in 
Public Repositories Within the State of Mississippi: (i) State Offices, by Dr. 
Franklin L. Riley. (^) County Offices, by Prof. James M. White and Dr. Franklin 
L. Riley. (3) Municipal Offices, by Prof. J. M. White and Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 

(4) Federal Offices, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. (5) Educational Institutions. 
(6) Church Organizations. (7) Professional, Literary and Industrial Organiza- 
tions, by Prof. James M. White. (8) Benevolent and Miscellaneous Associations. 
(9) Libraries and Societies, by Prof. James M. White and Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 
4. An Account of Manuscripts, Papers and Documents in Private Hands: (i) 
Papers of Prominent Mississippians, by Prof. James M. White. (2) Private 
Collectors and Students, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. (3) Newspapers, by Prof. 
James M. White. (4) War Records, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 5. Aboriginal 
and Indian History: (i) Published Accounts of Prehistoric Remains, by Mr. H. S. 
Halbert and Capt. A. J. Brown. (2) Small Indian Tribes of Mississippi, by Mr 
H. S. Halbert. 6. Points and Places of Historic Interest in Mississippi: (i) Ex- 
tinct Towns and Villages of Mississippi, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. (2) Battlefields. 
7. Index. 

Contents of Volume VI. 

I . Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Mississippi Historical Society 
by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 2. Report of the Secretary and Treasurer, 1898-1892, 
by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 3. Battle of Brice's Cross Roads, by Gen. Stephen D. 
Lee. 4 Battle of Harrisburg, or Tupelo, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 5. The 
Clinton Riot, by Dr. Charles Hillman Brough. 6. Conference between Gen. 
George and Gov. Ames, by Hon. Frank Johnston. 7. Mississippi's First Constitu- 
tion and Its Makers, by Dr. Dunbar Rowland. 8. Secession Convention of i860, 
by Judge Thomas H. Woods. 9. Causes and Events that Led to the Calling of the 
Consritutional Convention of 1890, by Judge S. S. Calhoon. 10. Penitentiary 
Reform in Mississippi, by Hon. J. H. Jones. 11. History of the Measures Sub- 
mitted to the Committee on Elective Franchise, Apportionment and Elections in 
the Constitutional Convention of 1890, by Hon. J. S. McNeilly. 12. Suffrage 
and Reconstruction in Mississippi, by Hon. Frank Johnston. 13. Some Historic 
Homes in Mississippi, by Mrs. N. D. Deupree. 14. Early Times in Wayne County, 
by Hon. J. M. Wilkins. 15. Industrial Mississippi in the Light of the Twelfth 
Census, by Dr. A. M. Muckenfuss. 16. The Mississippi River and the Efforts to 
Confine it in its Channel, by Maj. Wm. Dunbar Jenkins. 17. Origin of the Pacific 
Railroads, and Especially of the Southern Pacific, by Hon. Edward Mayes. 18. 
The Origin of Certain Place Names in the State of Mississippi, by Mr. Henry Gan- 
nett. 19. The Catholic Church in Mississippi During Colonial Times, by Rev. 
B. J. Bekkers. 20. Robert J. Walker, by Hon. Geo. J. Leftwich 21. Story of 
the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit, by Mr. H. S. Halbert. 22. The Yowanne, or 
Hiowanni Indians, by Judge Peter J. Hamilton. 23. Location and Description of 
Emmaus Mission, by Mr. John H. Evans. 24. Benard Romans' Map of 1772, by 
Mr. H. S. Halbert. 25. Antiquities of Newton County, by Capt. A. J Brown. 
26. Route of DeSoto's Expedition from Taliepacana to Huhasene, by Prof. T. H. 
Lewis. 27. Report of the Department of Archives and History, by Dr. Dunbar 
Rowland. 28. Index. 

Contents of Volume VII. 

I. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meering of the Mississippi Historical Society, 
by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 2. The Rank and File at Vicksburg, by Col. J. H. Jones. 
3. A Mississippi Brigade in the Last Days of the Confederacy, by Hon. J. S. Mc- 
Neilly. 4. Yazoo County in the Civil War, by Judge Robert Bowman. 5. John- 
ston's Division in the Battle of Franklin, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 6. Reminis- 



302 Mississippi Historical Society. 

cences of Service with the First Mississippi Cavalry, by Prof. J. G. Deupree. 
7. Makeshifts of the War Between the States, by Miss Mary J. Welsh. /8. Recon- 
struction in Yazoo County, by Judge Robert Bowman. 9. Life of Col. Felix 
Lebauve, by Dr. P. H. Saunders. 10. Life of Greenwood Leflore, by Mrs. N. D. 
Deupree. 11. Thomas Grifion — a Boanerges of the Early Southwest, by Bishop 
Chas. B Galloway. 12. Lafayette Rupert Hamberlin, Dramatic Reader and Poet, 
by Prof. P. H. Eager. 13; Recollections of Reconstruction in East and Southeast 
Mississippi, by Capt. W. H. Hardy. 14. Life of Col. J. F. H. Claiborne, by Dr. 
Franklin L RUey. 15. Senatorial Career of Gen. J. Z. George, by Dr. J. W. Gamer. 
16. Cotton Gin Port and Gaines' Trace, by Geo. J. Leftwich, Esq. 17. The Cholera 
in 1840, by Maj. Wm. Dunbar Jenkins. 18. Historic Clinton, by Dr. Charles 
Hillman Brough. 19. LaCache, by Rev. Ira M. Boswell. 20. Some Historic 
Homes in Mississippi, by Mrs. N. D. Deupree. 21. Choctaw Mission Station in 
Jasper County, by Capt. A. J. Brown. 22. Lowndes County, Its Antiquities and 
Pioneer Settlers, by Col. Wm. A. Love. 23. Mingo Moshulitubbee's Prairie 
Village, by Col. Wm. A. Love. 24 The Chroniclers of DeSoto's Expedition, by 
Prof. T. H. Lewis. 25. Origin of Mashulaville by Mr. H. S. Halbert. 26. British 
West Florida, by Judge Peter J. Hamilton. 27. The Floods of the Mississippi, by 
Dr John W. Monette. 28. Navigation and Commerce on the Mississippi, by 
Dr. John W. Monette. 29. Index. 

Contents of Volume VIII. 

I Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Mississippi Historical 
Society, by Dr. Franklin L Riley 2. Alleged Secession of Jones County, by 
Goode Montgomery, Esq. 3. Index to Campaigns, Battles and Skirmishes in 
Mississippi from 1861 to 1865, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 4. A sketch of the Career 
of Company B, Armistead's Cavalry Regiment, by Judge R C. Beckett. 5. De- 
tails of Important Work of Two Confederate Telegraph Operators, etc., by Gen. 
Stephen D Lee 6. The Hampton Roads Conference, by Hon. Frank Johnston. 
7. Some Unpublished Letters of Burton N. Harrison, by Prof. James Elliott Walms- 
ley. 8. Confederate Cemeteries and Monuments in Mississippi, by Dr. R. W. 
Jones. 9. The Confederate Orphans' Home of Mississippi, by Miss Mary J 
Welsh. 10.. Recollections of Reconstruction in East and Southeast Mississippi, 
by Capt. W. H. Hardy. 11: Reconstruction in Wilkinson County, by Col. J. H. 
Jones. 12. Some effects of Military Reconstruction in Monroe County, by Judge 
R C. Beckett. 13. Life of Hon. James T. Harrison, by Judge J. A. Orr. 14. 
The public Services of Senator James Z. George, by Hon. Frank Johnston. 15. 
The Ante-Bellum Historical Society of Mississippi, by Rev. Z. T. Leavell. 16. 
Mississippi's Primary Election Law, by Gov. E. F. Noel. 17. A Note on Missis- 
sippi's Population 1850-1860, by Dr. Edward Ingle. 18. The Cotton Oil Industry, 
by Supt. W. D. Shue. 19. The State of Louisiana verstts the State of Mississippi, 
by Hon. Monroe McClurg. 20. Cartography of Mississippi in the i6th century, 
by Mr. William Beer. 21. Choctaw Land Claims, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 
22. The Removal of the Mississippi Choctaws, by J. W. Wade, Esq. 23. Early 
History and Archaeology of Yazoo County, by Judge Robert Bowman 24. Auto- 
biography of Gideon Lincecum. 25. Choctaw Traditions About Their Settlement 
in Mississippi and the Origin of Their Mounds, by Dr. Gideon Lincecum. 26. 
Chickasaw Traditions, Customs, etc., by Mr. Harry Warren. 27. Some Chickasaw 
Chiefs and Prominent Men, by Mr. Harry Warren. 28. Missions, Missionaries, 
Frontier Characters and Schools, by Mr. Harry Warren. 29. Index. 

Contents of Volume IX. 

I. Proceedings of Eighth Public Meeting of the Mississippi Historical Society, 
by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 2. A Forgotten Expedition to Pensacola in January, 
1 86 1, by Judge Baxter McFarland. 3. Mississippi at Gettysburg, By Col. Wil- 



3477-251 



Contents of Volumes I-XIII^ 303 

liam A. Love. 4. Reconstruction in Monroe County,' by Hon. George J. Left- 
wich. 5. Reconstruction and its Destruction in Hinds County, by Hon. W. C. 
Wells. 6. The Enforcement Act of 1871 and The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi, ' 
by Hon. J. S. McNeilly. 7. A trip from Houston to Jackson, Miss., in 1845, by 
Judge J. A. Orr. 8. The Presidential Campaign of 1844 in Mississippi, by Prof. 
J. E. Wahnsley. q. Life and Literary Services of Dr. John W. Monette, by Dr. 
Franklin L. Riley. 10. The Public Services of E. C. Walthall, by Prof. Alfred W. 
Gamer. 11. Monroe's Efforts in Behalf of the Mississippi Valley During His Mis- 
sion to France, by Dr. Beverly W. Bond. 12. A Sketch of the Old Scotch Settle- 
ment at Union Church, by Rev. C. W. Grafton. 13. Lands of the Liquidating 
Levee Board through Litigation and Legislation, by J. W. Wade, Esq. 14. His- 
toric Localities on Noxubee River, by Hon. William A. Love. 15. "A Genuine 
Accoxmtof the Present State of the River Mississippi," etc.. Anonymous. 16. 
A Contribution to the History of the Colonization Movement in Mississippi, by 
Dr. Franklm L. Riley. 17. Life of Apushimataha, by Gideon Lincecum. 18. 
Trip Through the Piney Woods by Col. J. F. H. Claiborne, iq. A Brief History 
of the Mississippi Territory, by James Hall. 20. Index. 

Contents of Volume X. '- 

I. Proceedings of Decennial Meeting of the Mississippi Historical Society, by 
Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 2. General Stephen D. Lee; His Life, Character and 
Services, by Prof. Dabney Lipscomb. 3. The Work of the Mississippi Historical 
Society, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 4. The War in Mississippi after the Fall of 
Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 5. The Vicksburg Campaign, 
by Hon. Frank Johnston. 6. The Tupelo Campaign, by Capt. Theodore G. Car- 
ter. 7. Reconstruction in Carroll and Montgomery Counties, by Fred M. Witty, 
Esq. 8. Reconstruction in Lee County, by Mr. W. H. Braden. 9. Reconstruc- 
tion in Attalla County, by Mr. E. C. Coleman, Jr. 10. The Developmet of Man- 
ufacturing in Mississippi, by Prof. A. M. Muckenfuss. 11. History of Prohibition 
in Mississippi, by Col. W. H. Patton. 12. Beginnings of Presbyterianism in Missis- 
sippi, by Rev. T. L. Haman. 13. A Chapter in the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878, 
by Mrs. W. A. Anderson. 14. Aaron Burr in Mississippi, by Bishop Charles B. 
Galloway. 15. Jefferson Davis at West Point, by Prof. Walter L. Fleming. 16 
Henry Lowndes Muldrow, by Hon. George J. Leftwich. 17. History of Port 
Gibson, Mississippi, by Rev. G. H. Hawkins. 18. Yazoo County's Contribution 
to Mississippi Literature, by Judge Robt. Bowman. 19. Biographical Sketch of 
Dr. M. W. PhiUips, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 20. Diary of a Mississippi Planter, 
by. Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 21. Complete Contents of Volumes I-X of the 
Publications of Mississippi Historical Society, Topically Arranged. 22. Author's„„ 
Index to Voliunes I-X of the Publications of the Mississippi Historical Sodety. 
Alphabetically Arranged. 23. Complete Contents of the Publications of the Mis- 
sissippi Historical Society, Arranged by Volumes. 24. General Index of Volumes 
I-X of Publications of Mississippi Historical Society. 

Contents of Volume XI. . 

I. Proceedings of the Tenth Public Meeting of the Mississippi Historical Society, 
by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 2. Charles Betts Galloway, by Hon. Edward Mayes. 
3. The Mississippi River as a Political Factor in American History, by Prof. Frank- 
lin L. Riley. 4. Demarcation of the Mississippi-Louisiana Boundary, by Prof. 
Franklin L. Riley. 5. Evolution of Wilkinson County, by Col. J. H. Jones. 6. 
Antebellum Times in Monroe County, by Judge R. C. Beckett. 7. Reconstruc- 
tion in Monroe County, by Mr. E. F. Puckett. 8. Reconstruction in Lawrence 
and Jefferson Davis Counties, by Miss Hattie Magee. 9. Reconstruction in New- / 
ton County, by Miss Ruth Watkins. 10. Reconstruction in Pontotoc County, by "^ / 
Mr. M. G. Abney. 11. Reconstruction in Leake County, by Miss Nannie Lacey. -^^ 



J 



304 Mississippi Historical Society. 

12. Reconstruction in DeSoto County, by Prof. Irby C. Nichols. 13. Beginning 
of a New Period in the Political History of Mississippi, by Prof. G. H. Brunson. 
14. The French Trading Post and the Chocchuma Village in East Mississippi, by 
Mr. H. S. Halbert. 15. David Ward Sanders, by Gov. E. F. Noel. 16. Marking 
the Natchez Trace, by Mrs. Dunbar Rowland. 17. The Mayhew Mission to 
the Choctaws, by Hon. W. A. Love. 18. General Jackson's Military Road, by 
Hon. W. A. Love. 19. Index. 

Contents of Volume XII. 

I. Proceedings of the Eleventh Public Meeting of the Mississippi Historical 
Society, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 2. First Marriage of Jefferson Davis, by Dr. 
Walter L. Fleming. 3. Nullification in Mississippi, by Miss Cleo Hearon. 4. 
Did the Reconstruction Give Mississippi Her Public Schools? by Miss Ehse Tim- 
berlake. 5. The Civil War Hospital at the University, by Mrs. J. C. Johnson. 6. 
Autobiographical Sketch of Dr. F. A. P. Barnard. 7. Sketches of Judge A. B. 
Longstreet and Dr. F. A. P. Barnard, by Dr. J. W. Johnson. 8. A Boy's Recollec- 
tion of the War, by Hon. W. O. Hart. 9. Reconstruction in Marshall County, 
by Miss Ruth Watkins. 10. Reconstruction in Yalobusha and Grenada Counties, • 
by Miss J. C. Brown. 11. Climax and Collapse of Reconstruction in MississippijV' 
1874-1896, by Capt. J. S. McNeilly. 12. Index. 

Contents of Volume XIII. 

/ 
I. Reconstruction in Panola County, by John W. Kyle. 2. Reconstruction in "•' 
Scott County, by Forrest Cooper. 3. Reconstruction in Lafayette County, by 
Miss Julia Kendel. 4. Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County, by Rev. F. Z. Browne. 
5. Complete Contents of the Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, 
arranged by Volumes. 6. Index. 

Volumes I and II, neatly bound together in cloth (360 pages), will be sent, 
charges collect, to any address on receipt of $3.00. This edition is limited. A few 
copies of Volume I (no pages), unbound, may be purchased for $1.00 each. Vol- 
ume II (250 pages), in separate binding, is no longer on sale. Volumes III (380 
pages), IV (508 pages), V (394 pages), VI (568 pages), VII (542 pages), VIII (598 
pages), IX (589 pages), X (580 pages), XI, (448 pages), XII (504 pages), XIII 
(326 pages), bound in cloth, will be sent to any express address, charges prepaid 
for $2.00 each. 

AU persons interested in advancing the cause of Mississippi history are eligible 
to membership in the Society. There is no initiation fee. The only cost to mem- 
bers is annual dues, $2.00, or life dues, $30.00. Members receive all publications 
during their connection with the Society free of charge. 

Address all communications to 

FRANKLIN L. RILEY, 
University, Mississippi, 
Secretary avd Treasurer. 




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